What two elements are combined to define productivity in the formula P=Q+Q-R?

The concept of productivity is fundamentally tied to the relationship between output and input in a system. In the formula presented, P = Q + Q - R, the elements represented can be interpreted in terms of quantity (output) and the quality of the resources utilized.

By selecting quality and quantity, we recognize that productivity isn't purely about how much is produced (quantity) but also about how well those outputs meet standards (quality). This combination reflects a more comprehensive view of productivity, as it emphasizes that simply producing a large number of items is less effective if those items do not meet certain quality criteria.

This focus on both dimensions is crucial for optimizing performance in any management system. Improving quantity might lead to increased productivity, but without a concurrent focus on quality, the outputs may not fulfill the intended goals or standards, ultimately affecting overall productivity.

Other options do not encapsulate this dual focus. For example, resources and goals or output and input miss the key relationship between the quality of what is produced and how much is produced. Quality and efficiency also point towards performance but do not specifically relate to the measure of quantity as integral to productivity as this option does. Thus, quality and quantity stand as the most relevant and essential elements in defining productivity in the given context