What are the primary elements of a management system according to the root causes of Bird?

The primary elements of a management system according to the root causes of Bird focus on system structure, adherence to standards, and mechanisms for compliance and enforcement. A well-defined system is essential as it provides the framework within which the organization operates, outlining processes and responsibilities.

Standards play a crucial role in determining the benchmarks against which performance and compliance are evaluated. They ensure that there are consistent criteria for quality and efficacy across the organization’s operations. Compliance involves adhering to these standards as well as any legal and regulatory requirements, while enforcement refers to the strategies and actions taken to ensure adherence to established protocols.

This approach emphasizes the importance of a holistic management system that not only defines how things should be done but also ensures that these practices are consistently followed and enforced throughout the organization. The other options, while relevant to aspects of management, do not encompass the structural and compliance-focused nature of a comprehensive management system as defined by Bird.